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Water and Science (Part1)

Water has always been considered a simple chemical, expressed in chemistry as H2O. Over the last century we have learned more about water than at any other time in the short scientific history of the world. Far from being simple, water is a very complex fluid.

During the 1920's, Einstein wrote his first announcements that he felt harnessing the energy of the atom was then possible. Following this announcement, every major nation in the world undertook to investigate this possibility of harnessing the atom.

During the 1930's, Russia and France undertook many approaches to developing methods for applying Einstein's theories to the releasing of energy from the atom. Prior to World War II, during these early atomic experiments, Russia and France found that when water was exposed to a strong magnetic field the basic properties of water were changed markedly. However, as is still the case today, when a new scientific theory or discovery is made, a majority of the world's scientists challenge or dismiss it as unfounded or impractical.

The scientists of many nations continued to dismiss the Russian discoveries, confirmed also by the French scientists. The Russians admitted to the world that their physicists and chemists could offer no explanation as to why water was changed when exposed to magnetic fields. That didn't dissuade them from developing a "magnetic water treater" and applying it to large/small steam boilers, cars, trucks, and military vehicles. The result was an economic boom. Scale, a rocklike coating or precipitate of minerals that are deposited on surfaces that are in contact with water can reduce efficiency and clog pipes, water heaters, equipment and fixtures. You have no doubt seen it as the white to off white deposits in your faucet, showerhead, or drain. The removal of scale costs billions of dollars in losses to industries in breakdowns, unplanned shutdowns, expensive parts replacements, etc. The Russians found that scale was broken down and removed with less cost and labor by exposure to magnetic filelds than by conventional scale removal methods.

Since then, many manufacturers have developed methods to magnetize water to remove scale, though most of these devices aren't designed correctly so they will not give the results claimed. What has happened in the magnetic therapy industry is much the same. When Davis and Rawls published their books in the 1970's, they sparked a new interest in magnet therapy, and it wasn't long before other companies rushed to capitalize on their discoveries, all too often with little or no regard for the quality or effectiveness of their own products. Unfortunately, this has negatively affected the public's perception of magnetic therapy as a whole.

The Russians began using magnetized water in their hospitals many years ago. The water was given internally to patients, who experienced a feeling of well-being. Since the Russians were unaware of the two separate pole effects discovered by Albert Roy Davis, they used bipolar water, water that had been exposed to both the North and South poles of a magnet, the same type of magnetized water used for scale removal. The belief that the energies of a magnet are homogenous (the same) is still prevalent in the scientific community to this day, despite the fact that it has been scientifically demonstrated many thousands of times, by scientists and doctors from many nations of the world, that magnetism does indeed consist of two separate and distinct energies with opposite effects on all matter. Scientists, as well as many other people, often find it difficult to learn new principles and accept changes that are contrary to their textbook teachings and their accepted theories in the research of magnetism and related sciences.

Bipolar magnetized water is best used as a scale remover or for other purposes. Only water that has been exposed to the North pole energy should be used for human or animal consumption. Davis and Rawls discovered that the surface tension of North pole water is greater (making it a harder water), there is an increase in hydrogen ion activity, and a reduction of oxygen and dissolved nitrogen levels. Another discovery was that this special water has a positive influence on mental and physical abilities, and the ability to go on living with a more adaptable attitude.

In Morris Tischler's (inventor of the first solid-state pacemaker) manual, "Biomagnetics in Complementary Medicine", he wrote, "The consumption of water magnetized by the negative polarity (north pole) can also have a therapeutic effect. The north pole of the magnet increases the hydroxyl (OH-) ions while at the same time decreasing the hydrogen (H+) ions. The magnetized water has an alkalizing and oxidizing effect which can influence chemical hypersensitivities, pollution of various sorts, and even insect stings. Most toxins in the body are acidic; this acid can be reduced by the alkalizing effect of magnetized water. In a test performed at M.I.T., it was demonstrated that magnetic effects cause a certain degree of widening of blood vessels (vasodilation). With larger arteries, more blood and oxygen flow to the tissues. Some feel that the alkalizing effect not only normalizes the pH of the blood and body tissues, but it may also reduce cholesterol and triglycerides that adhere to the arterial walls."

South pole water has a lower surface tension (making it a softer water) than untreated water. When used to water plants, the South pole exposed water will cause the plants to develop and grow at an accelerated rate. The properties of this water enable it to penetrate roots faster than ordinary water. Edible plants will have increased nutrient levels as well, and their taste can even be enhanced as a result. The water itself will actually deposit minerals and enrich the fertility of the soil.

You now have the knowledge that magnetic fields do alter the properties of water, and depending on the magnetic polarity used, they alter the properties of water in different ways. You can now make use of this knowledge in any circumstance in which the use of water is needed or desired for a better end result.

Chemstry of Water

The CHEMISTRY of WATER (Part 2)

Water is a Chemical H20 : Water plays an important role as a chemical substance. Its many important functions include being a good solvent for dissolving many solids, serving as an excellent coolant both mechanically and biologically, and acting as a reactant in many chemical reactions. Blood, sweat and tears... all solutions of water.

As chemists we consider water from many perspectives. It is our role to use physical and mathematical laws in application for useful purposes, including diverse perspectives such as living systems, materials and energy. The world of the chemist is a small world - atomic, molecular - which plays a large part in making our lives healthy, comfortable, and hopeful. Because of the diversity of the chemical world, it would be difficult to touch upon all of the applications of water. And for the same reason, it would be impossible to discuss the chemical aspects of water without touching upon the physical, mathematical, and biological aspects of the subject.

Let's start our discussion of water as a chemical with a look at its structure. From a molecular perspective, structure is one of the important features of a substance. Just as you might say that the shape of a key determines its function - which doors it can and cannot open - the structure of a molecule and its composition absolutely determines its functions and properties.

As chemists we have a vested interest not only in understanding how a substance may be used and broken down, but also in knowing how that substance is created. From this perspective let's look at the chemistry which creates water from its elements, hydrogen and oxygen, and the chemistry of water's breakdown, also known as Electrolysis.

Water may be a substance so common that we scarcely make note of it - We waste it, pollute it, let it run down the drain, flush it away... Certainly we take it for granted! However, chemically speaking, water is really not common at all. When compared to other compounds of similar size, composition, and structure - it is absolutely unique! In fact its properties are so unusual that it would be irreplaceable. Let's take a chemical look at these unusual properties, how they arise and what their implications are.

The Hydrogen and Oxygen of Water (Part3)

Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water

The simple statement that water is made from hydrogen and oxygen doesn't give us a very clear picture of what really goes into the creation of a molecule of water. A quick look at the chemical equation for the formation of water tells us more.

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O

It takes two molecules of the diatomic hydrogen gas, combined with one molecule of the diatomic oxygen gas to produce two molecules of water. In other words the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1, the ratio of hydrogen to water is 1:1, and the ratio of oxygen to water is 1:2.

There's something more though that doesn't show up in the equation. Energy. The formation of water from it's elements produces, in addition to water, a tremendous amount of energy, 572 kJ to be exact.

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O + ENERGY

This is an example of an exothermic reaction, a reaction that produces energy. It is also an example of what is called a combustion reaction, where a substance (in this case hydrogen gas) is combined with oxygen. You are probably familiar with this reaction through two tragic examples of the unleashed energy of the combustion reaction of hydrogen, the Hindenburg, and the spaceshuttle Challenger.

Hydrogen Fuel?

Yes - hydrogen is a good, clean fuel, producing only water as a by-product. Unfortunately it produces so much energy that it can get out of control, resulting in an explosion. But let's forget about that explosive part for a minute and think about the possibilities - Hydrogen as a New Clean Fuel - it could be the end of the energy crisis - but where would we get the hydrogen?

Can we create Hydrogen from Water?

Oh Yes! It's the same chemical reaction, but run in reverse:

2H2O + ENERGY = 2H2 + O2

Notice now that the requirement is for energy to be ADDED TO the reactants. This is an example of an Endothermic reaction. This means that we could use Water as a Fuel! IF (and this is a big if) we could find an easy way to convert the water to hydrogen and oxygen, then the hydrogen could be used as a clean fuel.

One way to convert Water to Hydrogen and Oxygen is through the process of Electrolysis - using electricity as the source of energy to drive the reaction. Let's take a look at what that might look like:


Isn't this rather circular?

Using Energy to break water to form hydrogen to combine oxygen to form Energy - in this way is rather circular. In fact, because of the laws of thermodynamics, you can't break even in this exchange of energy. However, there exist better ways to disassemble water - namely using CATALYSIS.


What does a catalyst do?

A catalyst is a chemical compound that acts to speed up a reaction, but in the process is not itself changed. Therefore the catalyst, at the end of the reaction, is free to act again to assist another reactant through the reaction.

Catalysts work by lowering the energy barrier between the reactants and the products. In this case:

2H2O + ENERGY = 2H2 + O2

where it normally takes a tremendous amount of energy to convert reactants to products - the addition of a catalyst can decrease the amount of energy required and therefore speed the reaction up!

2H2O + CATALYST+ energy = 2H2 + O2 + CATALYST


Does this catalyst really exist?

Sort of...... Have you ever wondered how a plant uses water and carbon dioxide to create glucose and oxygen? This too is an endothermic reaction, an energy producing reaction run in reverse. Normally we would think of using glucose as a fuel, through oxidation we could produce carbon dioxide, water and energy - In fact this is what OUR bodies do to provide us with the energy we need for maintaining all of our bodily functions including THINKING!

Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2) = Water (H20) + Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + ENERGY

To run the reaction in reverse, the plant utilizes a catalyst - CHLOROPHYLL - and the energy from the SUN to aid in the decomposition of water. While the chlorophyllic reaction does produce diatomic oxygen gas, it does not produce the hydrogen in a gaseous form. The hydrogen released from the water is used for the formation of glucose.

Could we use such a catalyst for converting Water and Sunlight into Fuel?

Scientists often use Nature as a model for the development of new compounds. One such development, which has been studied extensively in this regard, is a molecule known as Rubippy. The structure of Rubippy is shown below. It is similar in structure to the chlorophyll molecule having a metal center (in chlorophyll it's a magnesium ion, in rubippy it's a ruthenium ion) and an attached system of organic rings (in chlorophyll its a porphyrin derivative, in rubippy its a pyridine derivative).


Acting as "relay" channel for the transfer of electrons, Rubippy has shown some potential to do just that - convert water and sunlight into a clean, seemingly inexhaustible, source of energy. However, while rubippy has shown promise in this regard, it is not a commercially viable enterprise because of it's high cost, instability, and low efficiency.

If Scientists were able to get Rubippy to work, or created a viable alternative, what would we do about the explosion potential of using Hydrogen Fuel?

Good question! Would you believe that it is possible to do the combustion of hydrogen without letting the oxygen and hydrogen come in contact? This can happen in a FUEL CELL. A fuel cell is like a battery - It utilizes a chemical reaction to produce electricity. A drawing of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is shown below:

The kind of fuel cell shown here are routinely used in the space program. If this technology ever becomes viably available to the common person, the estimated cost of a fuel-cell hydrogen powered car would be less than half that of your current gas-mobile. In addition, it would be simpler, require less maintenance, and be environmentally friendly!